Bagatelle Antiques

White, gray and black colors are called Achromatic, and those that have a color cast, called chromatic. All we can distinguish chromatic on three grounds. These signs are the hue (tint), brightness, and Saturation (Intensity or strength of color). Hue is the name of the color (red, blue, green, etc.), lightness - this is what we perceive to darker or lighter color or that of another. Saturation characterizes the degree of difference from the color gray, or the extent of its proximity to the pure spectral colors. Achromatic colors differ by only one sign - in brightness. If you mix white and black paint different proportions, you can get a large number of gray shades, from pure white to black. This is another scale - achromatic (colorless).

Chromatic colors can be mixed with achromatic. For example, if a red add color gray (achromatic color), the gray does not change its hue, it would still be red, but with an admixture of achromatic. If you take the silver, the same brightness as the red, it will not change and lightness resulting in red, but in any event, change one of the signs of chromatic color, its saturation. From the admixture of an achromatic color, chromatic color will be less intense. The smaller of the mixture will be achromatic, the richer will be the chromatic color, and vice versa, the more we stretch ahromatichekogo, the less saturated chromatic color will. Thus achromatic colors in mixed with the chromatic influence the effect of chromatic colors of flowers. Chromatic colors are divided into warm and cold.

To warm colors usually referred red-yellow part of the spectrum, and the cold blue-blue part of it. Purple and green hues are intermediate, because depending on the combinations in different cases that may relate to a warm to cold. As well, depending on the percentage in mixtures of warm and cool colors are present in green or violet, they can become warmer or colder.

GLONASS global navigation satellite system, developed for the Ministry of Defence. The system will be 24 satellites, moving above the Earth in three orbital planes with inclination of the orbital planes of 64.8 degrees and a height of 19 100 km. The measuring principle is similar to the U.S. navigation system NAVSTAR GPS, is often referred to as GPS. Using GPS allows in any location (including the polar region), almost any weather, as well as in outer space near the object to determine the location and speed of objects. The system is designed, implemented and operated by the Department of Defense USA. Russian advocates of GPS claim that the American system allows for better monitoring. Supporters of the GLONASS not without reason, indicate that at present domestic system is growing rapidly with the strong support State (since the total dependence on the American GPS jeopardizing the safety of Russia), while the GPS functionality in the near future may be in question.

This is acknowledged and American counterparts. So in 2009 by the General Accounting Administration, USA (GAO) released a report on the future of GPS, which expressed concern that the orbital may be unable to provide proper maintenance quality in the period from 2010 to 2018. Brad Parkinson, the first director of the program of GPS, the chief architect and defender of GPS, said that there is a possibility that the group is less than 24 satellites, which negatively affect the quality of monitoring. In addition, American experts stress that the development of the replacement generation of satellites, called IIF, unduly delayed (the contract was signed in 1996, but conditioned the satellite to So far there) and went far over budget.

Paint materials - technological necessity. After casting, molding or extrusion often require machining of plastic, traces of which significantly reduce the decorative finished product. In such cases the other way as the application of paint or varnish concealing flaws No plastic. Most often used for this purpose textured paint. For example, styrene acrylic PaliPlast PL 024 in addition to text a specific color of plastic attached to the surface roughness, and in contrast to the texture of paint without filler perfectly conceals mechanical defects. The use of different size and shape of fillers can control the appearance and texture of decorative received. Most of the optical effects achieved only in painting. If we talk about optical effects, we need only recall the metallic.

Colouring of plastic in metallic colors - by far the most popular way decoration plastic products. Silver metallic effect is achieved by introducing a basic metallic paints pigments based on aluminum when using pigments based on copper or its alloys with zinc, it is possible to obtain cover in gold and bronze, for example, a system of decorative pigment pastes PaliColor more than hundreds of titles. The particles of metallic can take many forms, linear dimensions, surface finish, shades. Metallized pigments can also be used in combination with conventional color pigments, which makes metallic palette, and thus the way decorative painting of plastic, almost infinite. Color gives the unique properties of plastics. Of course, we should say about the paint materials that are known to acquire the unique properties of plastics. Recently, just incredible popularity acquired soft-touch effect, the so-called soft-touch coating.

In addition to the amazing properties of tactile soft-touch plastic coating provides a number of special properties: it provides sound isolation and noise suppression in the car, because of record high haze prevents glare, reduces emissions of small molecules with the surface of the plastic parts, increases the toughness and durability of products in the case of plastic. The biggest drawback for soft-touch coatings is their price. But it is colored product price, not the cost of refinishing. For example, PaliPlast SF 004 - two-component water-based polyurethane paint with the effect of soft-touch, received six months of existence has already recognized several dozen industrial enterprises, is not more expensive than conventional two-component polyurethane water-based paints, but because of the popularity of this effect Manufacturers raise the price of painted objects is sometimes more than twice.

Facing tiles continues to be the most convenient and practical way of interior decoration. This traditional finish bathroom or kitchen, and increasingly popular inclusion of tiles in the interior of the dwelling rooms - bedroom or living room - and the use of tiles for external cladding, and, finally, execution of ceramics and granite public buildings. The choice of tile is huge: from low-cost domestic ceramic tiles to fine collections of ceramics from Italy or Germany. Tiles made of ceramics, one of the oldest building materials, numbering thousand years of history, and today not only goes out of fashion, but also continues to improve from year to year. Despite the emergence of many modern materials, the use of glazed tiles remains the most practical way create a beautiful and water-repellent surface. There are many varieties of tiles and their different classifications: by type of use, technical and techno-commercial settings, etc. But for Household ceramic tile sake of simplicity I would suggest that such a division: tiles for interior walls and floors, tile exterior walls and floors (on terraces, balconies) tile for pools main rule - need to tiles meet future place of "service" (inside or outside).

The history of ceramic pottery was invented at the dawn of humanity almost 6 millennia ago. First it was pottery ware, figurines, and then deified clay was used in the construction and decoration of the temple buildings. She survived the construction of the Tower of Babel, the construction of the pyramids, the destruction of Atlantis and Homer's Troy.

Foam concrete - it is a light porous concrete, which is made of cement, sand, water and foam Moreover, the foam can be created using conventional washing powder. Foam provides the solution necessary content air and even distribution of the material. Once the solution dries, inside the concrete form closed cells filled with air. The house of a construction material is being built directly on construction site using the provided hardware. As it turns monolithic design house of aerated concrete blocks.

The building of foam trim a variety of building materials - facing brick, stucco exterior, covered acrylic-latex paint, siding. Buying even a finished house of foam, you can always give your dwelling a unique appearance. But obkladyvat brick exterior is optional. When unit of aerated concrete wall with facing brick water vapor passing through concrete, facing a more dense material and are concentrated at the border. This leads to the destruction of the material, the appearance of black spots on the inner surface of the walls. To avoid this, the device must be ventilated air layer 40 mm thick with a carrier base for the entire width of the wall.

In other climatic zones depending on the individual project walling can be performed as follows. Aerated concrete blocks of thickness 20 cm with a finish exterior paint on silicate basis, from the inside walls - brick clay common M75 25 cm thick, without air gap, with the ligation between a masonry net number of units every 2 or 5-ring anchors the A-1 with a diameter b - 8 mm in increments no greater than 50 cm in a checkerboard pattern. " clutch: 120mm facing bricks, or normal (depending on the project), aerated concrete blocks 20 cm, 12 cm brick clay common M75, without air gap. Using materials of the same density in the outer and inner layers provides passage of water vapor pressure, increases the rigidity and allows for any constructive solutions for shut-off devices. It is also possible the device with any kind of facade decoration and trim and the use of foundation blocks of thickness 40 cm in width While the difference between the foundation and the wall is governed armopoyasom a ledge inside. We strongly recommend you to all your projects before beginning construction of check in Designer-estimator after giving him all the raw materials of the project.

Arbol (derevobeton) - gost 19 222-84 - is a unique building material, a type of lightweight concrete, consisting of wood chips and high-grade cement. From opilkobetona Arbol differs in that is used in the Arbol wood chips. That makes chips Arbolito unique sound - teploizolyatsonnye properties, also increases the strength Arbolito chips, creating a skeleton. When multiple excess of the limit load for Arbol, namely the skeleton will not give Arbolito collapse, which removes the master of the house with all the worries about shrinkage at home with vibrations of the foundation. Arbol exceeds most building materials on the main characteristics, especially on the thermophysical properties. Thermal conductivity Arbolita is 0.09 W/m2 * C, because of this Arbolita possible to build low-rise residential houses without insulation in wall thickness for the Moscow region, 36 cm Incidentally, due to their properties from Arbolita in Antarctica in the 60's of last century at a Soviet research stations have been built three office buildings and a canteen.

The thickness of the walls was 30 cm! And it is in a severe Antarctic climate! Arbol is one of the most environmentally-friendly materials, because a block of Arbolita is 90% of the tree. This gives Arbolito breathability that approximates the properties of a wooden house. However, unlike wood, Arbol does not rot and is not subject to destruction under the action of fungi and microorganisms. Arbol - does not burn and is capable for 1.5 hours to resist fire. These properties give Arbolito - high-grade cement and aluminum sulphate - the chemical additives used for water purification. All of the above properties Arbolita make it the best material for building houses, cottages, baths, garage, fence, arbor.

Arbol withstand heavy loads. Where, for example, lightweight aggregate block of similar strength increased compression - will crack and split apart, arbolitovy block just slightly compressed. As a consequence, ground vibration, temperature extremes, illiterate to make a foundation - walls of Arbolita not let cracks, unlike keramsit other lightweight concrete or brick. Price keramsit and Arbolita almost equal, small overpayment for Arbol leveled by . Arbolitovye blocks easier and overall , in consequence of that is savings in time and laying on the applied solution. Environmental production safety Arbolita significantly higher than production keramsit. Filling the latter, get baking clay, which is a hazardous industry. The line for the production of Arbolita, simple, easy to install, does not require large production areas. Serve the production of four. Train staff can be in three days. Line launches for 1,5-2 months, and already you have it for 3-4 it pay back in full. Vendors lines production Arbolita help with the implementation and advertising. It comes in the additional services and is recorded in a separate agreement.

Brick - one of the most common materials traditionally used in the construction of buildings and structures. Technology brickwork provides architects and designers unlimited possibilities for the realization creative ideas. Providing reliable protection from external factors, having high fire resistance and relatively low thermal conductivity, brick sets a very high level of safety and comfort as residential and industrial buildings. To appoint a brick building and is divided into front (facing, facade). Building bricks used for indoor or series of masonry for external series, but with subsequent plaster.

Facing brick - a uniform color, has two smooth, flat front surface (the so-called "poke" and "stretcher"). It is used for decorative interior is well known that the brick is "red" and "white" - they differ in composition. Red brick is mostly made of clay and is called "ceramic" white - sand and lime. A mixture of the latter was called 'silicate', and hence the calcium silicate bricks. Sand-lime brick in its form, size and primary use is no different from clay bricks. calcium silicate bricks of high quality must meet the following specifications: First, take into account the compressive strength. For silica brick, he is 15 - 20 MPa. In characteristic brick strength is denoted by the letter 'M' indicating the degree of strength (M100, M125, M150, etc.).

When construction is necessary to consider this option, ie, for the construction of 2 - 3 storey cottage suit brick and brand M100, but in the construction of walls high-rise buildings make better use of the brand M150 and above. Second, the average density of the brick should be 1300 kg / cu.m. Third, the frost resistance of silica brick is 15 cycles and above, for an average strip of Russia is better to choose a brick with frost 35 - 50 cycles. Fourth, the maximum temperature of application should not exceed 550 C. Prices of sand-lime brick depend primarily on its technical characteristics, and hence on the quality. Therefore, buying a brick, always ask the seller license, because the quality bricks will not only provide a good appearance of the building a few years, but his safety, durability. sand-lime brick is good to use with masonry walls and various barriers, but strictly forbidden to use it in laying the foundation, putting stoves, fireplaces, pipes, sockets, etc. A definite plus silica brick in front of a ceramic is its high sound-insulating characteristics, which is an important during construction or interior walls. Techno-economic indicators of sand-lime brick clay brick superior. Its production requires a factor of 2 less fuel is 3 times less energy in 2,5 times less than the complexity of production eventually cost sand-lime brick is 25-35% lower than the clay. Calcium silicate bricks can be solid and hollow. Hollow brick is lighter and due to this reduced pressure on the foundation. In addition, it has lower thermal conductivity, so the walls of a brick can be made thinner without compromising the thermal insulating characteristics. The use of brick with voids provides an opportunity to build in the usual way in improving thermal properties, reduce labor costs, reduce the number of species of silica brick is very broad. If the mixture in the manufacture of silica bricks are added weatherproof, pigments, alkali, then we colored sand-lime brick. It is a brick-lime polnotely stained (the spectrum of colors can even include yellow, black and blue), a brick is generally used as a facing. Produced as a brick silicate porous solid and hollow, hollow bricks / full-bodied with a texture and so cleaved

They are placed in the trench with a slope of not less than 5 mm at 1 meter. The main disadvantage of such pipes assembled systems - rapid clogging of openings and the need for frequent cleaning. Currently, the most widely received polymeric pipes. As a rule, they are provided with ribs, allowing the load from the soil is evenly distributed over the entire length of the structure. Such pipes are lightweight, are easy to install, easy to transport them. Polymer drainage pipes are manufactured with a diameter of 5 to 20 centimeters, on country and cottage areas are most commonly used outlets with a diameter of 10 centimeters.

To avoid siltation, they can be completed shell of the filter material. Most often this geotextile or a natural coconut fiber. The first recommended for use on sand, loam and peat soils, the second - fit into the loam and clay. Filters can not be used, but only if the probability of falling into the holes of sand and silt is completely absent. Currently, the market there and pipes "new generation" For example, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-krossling), produced by Swedish concern wirsbo. For such tubes is characterized by flexibility (they can be bent at any angle) and frost - it's important for our climate. Assembly done with hand tools without gluing, welding and soldering, which is very convenient in the field. Crosslinked polyethylene has a molecular memory: during the installation pipe "" on the fitting of brass, forming connection, the strength of which the guarantee company, higher strength of the pipe itself.

Before the construction of a cottage or private house you are about to take a lot of important decisions, in particular - to select the type of foundation and material of which it is made, the type and material of walls, ceilings, roof, etc. Building a house from foam blocks foam concrete blocks have good insulating properties, so the walls are thinner than the brick, which reduces the consumption of building materials and solution. Easy construction of walls of foam blocks can reduce the need for a support area of the foundation of future homes, respectively, to reduce the cost of the zero cycle. In addition, the use of foam in construction of the cottage will reduce transportation costs and speed up construction of homes. Building a house out of blocks of expanded clay concrete lightweight aggregate blocks are highly durable.

As ingredients in the manufacture of expanded clay concrete blocks used expanded clay gravel. leca - an environmentally friendly insulation. Lightweight aggregate blocks possess the best characteristics of thermal conductivity Compared to conventional concrete. In addition, claydite has higher sound quality compared to the lightweight concrete, has a higher moisture resistance than cement concrete. Lack of large fractional filling gives a sizeable weight reduction of constructed buildings. Building a house of brick The main advantage of brick houses - the strength and durability.

Also, the advantage of brick houses is a wide choice of finishing walls - tiling, plastering, stucco, etc. Other advantages of brick cottages include a high degree of protection from fire, low exposure to atmospheric influences, high strength structure. Choosing the basement at this stage you will have to decide what to build: a house without a basement - in this case fits the monolithic or precast strip foundations, completely covered with soil, a monolithic slab, lying almost on the surface of the earth; house technical underground (to accommodate the boiler and other devices for the operation of the house) - suitable strip foundations with feedback dumping in parts of the basement; habitable house with a basement (it apart mentioned in the preceding paragraph of equipment can be a garage, workshop, sauna, etc.). Overlap overlap in your future cabin home can be monolithic or teams. Each species has its own advantages and disadvantages. Plates for precast slabs are manufactured certain sizes, respectively house design based on the data size, which also imposes restriction on the internal configuration of the cottages. The advantages include the fact that the plates are installed under any weather conditions, faster than monolithic, precast joists cheaper. Monolith gives you the freedom to plan inner space of the house and its outer contour. Finish monolithic ceiling is easier and cheaper. Disadvantages - higher price and complexity of the mount at low temperatures. Also during the construction of houses may combined floor - part overlaps make monolithic part - teams. Roof construction was time to decide - will be in the cottage attic or loft. The attic is insulated to cut off, and the insulation on the attic a more complicated scheme: vapor barrier - a heater - vapor permeable waterproof. Cross-section trusses is calculated in accordance with the load created by the truss design, weight insulation and roofing material, snow and wind. On cross-section trusses also affects the width of spans. The choice of roofing material for the construction of your cottage depends solely on your options - the options are countless and their prices differ quite substantially.

Presumably, most distant ancestor of pencils and pens was the firebrand from the fire - it still drew cave paintings of our ancestors. A first for quite decorated stationery steel rods - wedge to writing on wet clay, they were used in ancient Assyria. The Greeks and Romans used the pointy sticks. Shepherds grazing flocks around Lake Borrowdale in Britain, have long noticed that the wool of their sheep is black if they rub against the local rocks. When this was announced to local scientists, they decided that, in Borrowdale on the surface there are deposits of lead, or 'black stone'.

Local residents immediately abandoned the sheep and began to make accessories for letters and called "black stones", black - it's "penalty", and the stone - 'das'. Put the rods made of black stone (graphite) in a wooden sheath suggested the French chemist Nicolas Conte in xviii century - it saves, actually graphite. In addition, it was found that produced by a method of pencil says more is better this way in the world there were pencils, first simple, colored pencils, there are almost beyond that long ago, as ordinary graphite. Their production process in terms of technology are generally similar. By the way, Microsoft has started producing electronic notepads on which to write just sticks: Bill Gates has been accused of what he turned to progress in the opposite direction. Clip, without which at present can not imagine their lives. Historians know that the safety pin for fastening different materials our ancestors used back in the Bronze Age.